300 argumentative essay topic ideas that are current and engaging

300 argumentative essay topic ideas that are current and engaging When you write an argumentative essay, you are required to use evidence along with your power of persuasion to convince readers that your position on an issue is correct. You must state your position, the reasons you hold that position, and then support your position with evidence. You should also deal with potential counter arguments. Before you do any of these things, you have an important step to take. You have to choose an interesting topic. It should be relevant to the class youre taking, and hopefully meaningful to you as well. If youre stuck on ideas, keep reading. Weve got 45 topic ideas that current, engaging, and easy to research. To keep things really interesting, well go into some detail on a few of the more interesting topics. Current And Controversial Topics These are topics that can often be found in headline news articles. They are often controversial and people have strong opinions about them. Childhood Obesity is a Community Health Problem Not a Parenting Issue People Who Carry Concealed Are Helping to Keep Others Safe Gun Violence Victims Should be Able to Sue Gun Manufacturers Background Checks Violate The Second Amendment Community Policing is Very Effective Student Loan Forgiveness Programs Must be Saved Tuition Rates Must be Rolled Back Evangelism is Destroying America A 15 Dollar Minimum Wage Will Save The Economy Privately Owned Prisons Should be Abolished Capital Punishment is Barbaric And Should be Banned A few nations still have the death penalty. Are they correct? Is this a true deterrent or a just punishment for certain crimes? What about cases in which it was revealed that people were wrongly convicted of capital crimes were actually innocent? Then theres the issue of the death penalty being applied to minorities or people with diminished mental capacity. Theres a lot to be said for the other side of the issue as well. Do you think that the victims families deserve this kind of justice? Also, it can be argued that even if capital punishment isnt a deterrent, it is still a just consequence. Gender Roles Are an Outdated Social Construct From a ban on transgender individuals serving in the military to controversy over Targets decision to implement unisex bathrooms, the topic of gender roles has been in the news quite frequently over the last few years. So, is the idea of gender outdated? Educate your readers on the difference between sex and gender. Then, take a strong stance on the issue. Racism is The Primary Cause of Police Brutality A Wall isnt The Key to Immigration Reform Recently, an immigrant caravan traveling from Central America towards the United States led to some very intense differences of opinion among Americans. Many politicians use the topic of illegal immigration as political fodder. Of course, the biggest matter of contention is the proposed wall between the United States and Mexico. Take a stand against the wall as suggested here, or turn the topic around to make an argument in favor of it. Pharmacists Who Are Against Abortion Must Still Fill Morning After Prescriptions Damage Suffered Due to Water or Air Pollution is a Tort A group of students is suing the United States federal government over the damages caused by air pollution. Some citizens of Flint Michigan are seeking legal remedies due to the permanent damage suffered by children who were exposed to lead in the water system. Is this right? Should causing air pollution be a tort liability? The Cause of Animal Rights Has Gone Awry Nearly every moral and rational person is against animal cruelty, but where do we draw the line. For some people, any animal testing is wrong. For others, if its done to advance medical research thats fine, but it should never be used for testing commercial products. Then there are those who believe that the animal kingdom is the domain of mankind, and that the ends justify the means. What do you think? Comprehensive National Gun Control Laws Are Our Only Hope Affirmative Action Can Level The Economic Playing Field Global Warming Should be a Presidential Litmus Its Time to Elect a Woman of Color as President Term Limits Simply Dont Work Safe Spaces Stymie Free Speech The Arts And Crafts Movement Did More Harm Than Good Cable News is harmful Civil Forfeiture Laws Are Unjust NCAA Athletes Should Receive a Salary Olympic Athletes Should Not be Banned Because of The Behavior of Their Government Human Trafficking Training And Awareness is a Must For Law Enforcement Lowering The Drinking Age Will Have Tragic Consequences Yes! There Should be Limits on The Freedom of Speech The American Dream is a Harmful Notion The Gig Economy Isnt Stable All People Deserve Free Healthcare Benefits Should Not Depend on Employment School Uniforms Are Not a Stop Gap For Bullying And Classism Arts in School Deserve as Much Funding as Athletics Magnet Schools Are The Wave of The Future Charter Schools Are Dangerous And Need More Regulation Social Networking Should be Banned For Anyone Under 18 Violent Video Games Are Not a Factor in School Shootings People have blamed violent video games for school shootings, teenage suicide, and an increased likelihood of domestic violence. Do you think this is accurate, or is this simply a way to deflect from the real issues at hand? Abstinence Education Leads to Teenage Pregnancy Stem Cell Research Funding Must be Increased There Are Economic Consequences to Banning Same Sex Marriage A county clerk in Kentucky lost her job because she refused to issue marriage licenses to same sex couples. A baker was sued because he refused to bake a cake when he realized it was for a gay marriage. 13 states still ban same sex marriage, and many of these places have been boycotted by members of the LGBTQ community and their allies. Clearly there are economic consequences to taking this stand. Is that appropriate? Early Exposure to Technology Does More Harm Than Good Local And Classroom Relevance There are some topics that may be very relevant to you because of your location or the school you attend. These subjects tend to be very interesting to the people around you. Think about the hot topics in your town, or at your college or university. Revitalizing Main Street is Key to Our Towns Economic Future Local Teenagers Dont Deserve to be Banned From The Mall Our Athletic Department Must Address Allegations of Favoritism Now The athletic departments at many colleges and universities have come under fire in recent years. Some people believe they exploit student athletes. There are others who believe that student athletes enjoy a protected status, often getting away with abuse and sexual assault. Finally, many people believe that athletic funding often comes at the expense of academics and the arts. Theres a lot to unpack here. We Need a Second Local Newspaper For Balance Our Local Government Needs to Adopt a Better Infrastructure Plan Infrastructure refers to roads, bridges, water systems, public transportation, telecommunications, electricity, and other services that make living and working someplace attractive. Having good infrastructure means keeping all of these systems up and in good repair. Then theres the matter of the future. Is your town ready to continue supporting its citizens and businesses with the services they need? Do they need to implement a plan for the future? Community Service Should be Mandatory For High School Graduation Our School Mascot is Insensitive And Must be Renamed General Ethics And Morality Topics that address ethics and morality are universal. Consider weighing in on the following topics: Monogamy Isnt Necessary For a Healthy Marriage Lying Isnt Always Immoral Is telling a lie always wrong? What if it serves a just cause? What if a lie prevents someone from being hurt? Make an argument that dishonesty isnt always immoral, or take the opposite stance. Support the notion that honesty is always preferable regardless of the consequences. Life Imprisonment For Juvenile Offenders is a Just Punishment Do Atheists Have Lower Moral Standards Than Believers? Communitys Have The Right to Set Moral Standards of Behavior Should a city be able to ban the sale of alcohol, even if the state has no laws against it? What about gambling? Should a county be able to refuse to issue permits to businesses that will allow their patrons to gamble? Are there any instances where a community should be allowed to pass laws that enforce a stricter set of statutes than that applied by the state or federal government. Corporations Are Only Obligated to Make a Profit Is The Friend Zone a Damaging Social Construct? Are guys who refer to being in the friend zone creepy misogynists? Can someone be sincerely friendly with a member of the opposite sex, but also disappointed they arent in a romantic relationship with them? Should Universities Have Safe Spaces or Free Speech Zones? Businesses Dont Have The Right to Deny Services to Same Sex Couples Boycotts Are an Effective Form of Protest Celebrities Should Not Share Their Political Opinions Schools Should Not Teach Abstinence Traditional Marriage Must be Preserved People of All Political Beliefs Should be Able to Speak on Campus Fun And Entertaining Topics Not every essay topic needs to deep and intense. In some cases, its perfectly fine to pick a topic that is simply fun or entertaining. Here are some great ideas: The Harry Potter Franchise Has Gone on For Too Long The First Three Star Wars Movies Are Still The Best Disneys License Agreement With Marvel Comics is a Terrible Idea Graffiti Isnt Art Resort Vacations Are Overrated Sports Cars Arent Worth The Extra Cost Experiences Are Better Than Presents Deadpool is The Most Cleverly Written Superhero Character in Recent Years The Microbrewery Scene is Stuck up And Full of Pretentious Hipsters Millennial Bashing Has no Basis in Accuracy Local Theater Deserves Community Support Extroverts Are People Too! Ska is an Underrated Musical Genre Remakes Are Killing The Film Industry It may seem as if nearly every movie is a remake of an older film, or its an adaptation of an older tv show. Speaking of TV shows, even those are being recycled. What are the impacts of this? Is it possible to be creative and produce good writing on projects like these, or do remakes simply need to go away. eSports Players Are Athletes Streaming Will be The End of Major Record Labels Torrenting is Intellectual Theft Learning to Draw on Paper is The Best Method Fanfiction is a Legitimate Art Form Tumblr is an Underrated Social Media Platform Undertale is The Best Video Game Online The Zelda Franchise is Better Than The Mario Franchise Runescape is an Underrated RPG Kevin Smith is an Overrated Director Andrew WK And Steev Mike Are The Same Person Most Rap Rivalries Are Made up by The Studios Everyone Has Artistic Talent Printed Books Are Better Than Digital Photographers Charge Too Much Money Molecular Gastronomy is Not Real Cuisine A 20% Tip is Too Much Nike Makes Better Shoes Than Converse Shoppings Malls Arent as Dead as People Think Food Trucks Are Overrated Smoking Should be Banned From All Public Places Fast Food Causes Obesity Cell Phones Dont Belong in The Classroom Social Media is an Important Skill What is Your Position on Pirating Chinese Should be Offered as a Foreign Language Bilingualism Helps Children English Should be The Official Language of The USA GMO Foods Should be Banned Pain Rating Scales Are Bogus There Are More Negatives to Using The Internet Than Positive The Drinking Age Should be 18 Globalization is Evil Driving With a Cell Phone Isnt That Bad There Are Benefits to Cloning People Should Never Give DNA to Genealogy Websites Students Use Facebook Because They Miss Human Connections Alternative Energy is Overrated There Are Great Reasons to be For The Death Penalty Vegetarianism is Unnatural Smoking Tobacco is Harmful to The Planet Men Are More Criminally Inclined China is The Key to Ending Pollution An Ebola Epidemic is Inevitable Pulling Out of Syria Was a Mistake Brexit Will Never Happen We Need an Internet Bill of Privacy Rights Every Person Should Care About The Environment Local Environmental Activism is Most Important Manufacturers Must be Held Accountable For Environmental Damage We Must Decrease The Population Every Human Deserves Clean Water We Must Stop Poaching We Should Make Education More Fun Hunting is Good For The Environment Recycling Should be Mandatory Healthcare Should Focus on Long Term Wellness Global Warming Will Lead to Serious Health Epidemics Sexism Drives Fashion Boredom Causes Delinquency Single Gender Schools Should be Banned The Government Cannot Provide Effective Healthcare 16 is The Best Age to STart Dating Homework Causes Family Strife The Death Penalty is Outdated Gay Couples Should be Allowed to Adopt Children The War in Vietnam Was Unjustified 21 is The Suitable Age For Voting Military Service Should be Mandatory Destruction of Rainforests Should be Banned Wealth Coincides With Happiness Corporal Punishment is Cruel And Unusual Punishment Pornography Should be Banned Most National History Stories Are Fabricated 30 is The Most Suitable Age For Marriage Teen Marriage Should be Banned Long Distance Relationships Never Work Mobile Phones Are Bad Alcohol Advertising Should be Banned Alternative Medicines Are a Scam Education is Key to Helping Developing Nations Cloning is Highly Immoral Pacifism is Not Realistic Sex Education in Schools Must be Increased There is Too Much Sex And Violence on TV Animals Shouldnt be in Zoos Deforestation Should be Illegal Bombing Hiroshima Was a Mistake LBJ Radicalized The REpublican Party Google Should Not Have Your Medical Records The War in Afghanistan is Unjustified Wild Fish is Better Than Farmed The Only Acceptable Fish is Line And Pole Caught Steve Jobs Changed The World Corporate Veil is Damaging Arranged Marriages Are a Blessing Social Media Can Bring Distant Relatives Closer Together Divorce Makes Resilient Children Friendships Fail Due to Neglect Abstinence Prevents Teen Pregnancy Competition Makes Better Healthcare We Need Free Markets Not More Regulations Mitch Mcconnell Must be Remove The Democrats Should Give in About The Wall All High School Students Should Take Parenting Classes Workplace Dress Codes Are Outdated People Should Not be Discriminated Against Over Tattoos And Piercings Public Transportation Should be Free For City Residents We Are Too Technology Dependent Smoking Increases Socialization Playing Football Causes CTE Energy Drinks Should be Banned Lecture Attendance Should be Optional For College Students Sports Teams Should be Gender Neutral Teenagers Shouldnt Need Parental Permission to Get Birth Control Extra Credit Should be Banned Students Should Receive Religious Education Students And Teachers Should Not Connect on Social Media Advertising to Children Should be Banned 14 Year Olds Should be Allowed to Work All College Freshman Should Live on Campus Children Should Choose Their Own Gender Sesame Street is Too Political Everyone Should Grow Their Own vegetables People Dont Drink Enough Water Exercise Doesnt Cause Weight Loss Pets Are Beneficial to The Airlines Animals Should Not be Allowed on Airplanes Child Support Absconders Should Not be Jailed Anorexia Can be Blamed on Fat Shaming Video Game Rating Systems Are Censorship Executing Saddam Hussein Was Necessary College Graduates Should Take a Gap Year Teachers Should Stay Out of Students Lives The Next War Will Involve Nuclear Weapons Everyone Has a Right to be Forgotten Facebook Doesnt Owe Anyone Privacy Adoption Can be Harmful People Should be Imprisoned For Driving Drunk Movie Rewards Shows Are Overindulgent YouTube Stars Dont Contribute Anything Meaningful Wearing Fur is Sinful Polygamy Should be Legal Russia Should Bury Lenin Nude Beaches Should be Banished Public Displays of Affection Are Inappropriate Puerto Rico Should be a State People Should be Fined For Playing Loud Music Homeowners Should Not Own Gas Powered Lawn Equipment Tipping Should be at Least 25% Uber Drivers Should Make Minimum Wage Urban Foraging Should be Legalized Restaurants Should be Fined For Wasting Food National Park Should be Closed Until The Government Shutdown Ends Teachers Should Not be Allowed to Strike Its Better For Students to Attend The Same School For The First 12 Years Homeschooling Leaves Children Poorly Socialized There Should be Drug Testing in Middle Schools Standardized Testing is Overemphasized Standard Testing is a Poor Measurement of Ability Schools Should Give Cash Awards For Attendance High School Should be a Two Year Program Students Dont Have Enough Creative Opportunities Students Arent Learning The Right Things in School Dropping Out Should Never Be Allowed Early Graduation is Beneficial The School Year Should be Longer Schools Should Group Students According to Ability New Math Helps Students Paper Should be Banned on Campus Campuses Should go Green Baseball is Boring Women Are Better Collaborators People Should Boycott Football Most Pranks Are Bullying Children Should not Play Contact Sports Boys Have More Meaningful Friendships Than Girls Parents Take Youth Sports Too Seriously Sports Teams Should Not Use Native American Names or Mascots Cheerleading is Not a Sport Coaches Should be Less Strict With Athletes Wellness Programs Should Replace Sports If my State Had a Budget Surplus I Would Spend it on Solar Energy Military Force is Never Justified Homeschoolers Should be Allowed to Play School Athletics My Mayor Should Solve The Problem of Homelessness The Government Should be Allowed to Wiretap Without Warrants Action Must be Taken to Prevent Erosion All Sports Betting Should be Banned Stop And Frisk Should be Illegal Burning The Flag is Free Speech Protest Rallies Are a Waste of Time #MeToo Will Protect Men And Women Alike Sports Are Too Commercialized Facebook is Dying Cord Cutters Have The Right Idea Rich People Often Get Away With Breaking The Law The Rich Should Pay More Taxes There Should be Laws Against Offensiveness We Must Prevent Mass Shootings You Become an Adult When You Are Financially Independent People Can Learn a Lot From Millennials Dating is Outdated There is Too Much Pressure on Gifted Students First Year College Students Should Live in The Dorms Going to a Two Year School is a Great Way to Save Money Participation Trophies Have Ruined Children Children Should Choose Their Own Religion We Need Term Limits Parents Alone Should Teach Children Morality Grades Dont Really Matter Filibustering Should be Banned All Cars Should Use Alternative Fuels Congress Should Fund Green Energy Earned Income Tax is a Form of Welfare Stores Should be Closed on Sundays There Should be a Vote on The Shutdown It is Wrong For Bars to Ban Women There Should be a Public Dress Code Taxpayers Should Not Fund Art Final Thoughts Hopefully one of these topics will be perfect for your next argumentative essay. If not, they can surely serve as inspiration for an original idea. Just remember that every good argumentative essay starts with a great topic, is well-written, and contains great supporting evidence.

Alcoholic Teens essays

Alcoholic Teens essays When teens run into friends around town, a common question that most of us hear is Hey, what are you doing tonight? This could be answered any number of ways, but in this day and age you will probably hear about how everybody is going over to somebodys house to drink. Keggers and Jungle Juice parties are the most common, because they are cheap and will get you drunk. Keggers usually sell cups for the beer which will give you unlimited refills. Jungle Juice parties ask for a cover at the door and again you are given unlimited refills. The only difference between the two is that Keggers are beer and Jungle Juice parties are mixtures of hard alcohol. Fridays and Saturdays are prime days to go out and drink. Teens know those are the days you dont have to get up on the following morning. With that in mind, you can easily drink yourself silly causing your body to become dehydrated. This has come to be called a hangover. Hangovers can completely incapacitate you giving you any of the following; headache, nausea, diarrhea, lack of appetite, shakiness, feeling tired, and a gross-tasting mouth. These are caused by being dehydrated and by the by-products when alcohol is digested. One such by-product is acetaldehyde. Research suggests that it may be responsible for the worst of your hangover. Someone that can subject themselves to this pain every week really needs to redefine their idea of fun. It seems to have become the only thing teens can do to enjoy themselves. Days of going bowling, roller skating, and cruising in the car seem to be over. Some may still do these things, but not as often as they go to gatherings or parties. The idea to get together and socialize can still be accomplished even though you wont have a drink in your hand. Activities such as cookouts, swimming, and sports can easily take place of any alcoholic party. The fun is already included if you let yourself relax and get int...

A Six Sigma Exercise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Six Sigma Exercise - Essay Example The method of reaching the rating of one out of six which is considered as the lowest ranking is based on the DPMO calculation. The percentage of defects was 99.995%. Significantly high level of defects or very low level of success percentage is clearly an indication of the low quality control by ACME for its Jamaica based customer support programme. In other words, the defects per million opportunities and the percentage of defects can help the company to identify more precisely and accurately, its quality control or six sigma rating. High level of defects per million opportunities or high percentage of defects indicates that the six sigma rating is very low. The Mexico City is the capital of Mexico. Mexico City is considered as the federal independent entity within the Mexico, which is not part of any one of 31 Mexican States. It belongs to the Federation as a whole. Mexico City is believed to be the financial hub of Mexico. The Country’s largest city is Mexico City. It is also considered to be the most important political, cultural and educational center for the country along with the financial centers. Study on the culture of Mexico revealed that Mexican make several subdivisions within the nation. Mexican City is housed with small indigenous population. The culture of Mexico or Mexican City is regarded as the frontier culture. The political structure of Mexico is based on the seat of the power of the union. It did not belong to any particular state but to all. The City’s foreign district reports the production of more than 20% of GDP. It is considered as one of the most important economic, as well as, financial hub in Latin America. Study of the local market indicates that more than 50% of the population is Mestizo, which means the indigenous along with the Europeans. There are 68 different languages, which are considered as national languages in addition to Spanish.

Cap and Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cap and Trade - Essay Example As per the Cap and Trade law each entity has got a limit to the amount of emissions it can emit, which is set in the form of tons. Because of this the emission to the environment can be easily measured and traded in the pollution market. (www.edf.org ) Another element of the Cap and Trade law, allows the buyers and sellers of the allowances to trade internally. Entities are also given the power to bank the allowance which is not used for future use. (www.edf.org ) The system also makes it mandatory that, each entity has to be very much truthful regarding the number of allowances that it holds and the number of tons that it had emitted to the atmosphere which should be equal after a given period of time. (www.edf.org ) Thus this law is totally aimed at the industries, which are considered as the main contributors of atmospheric pollution in America. The business establishments in America will surely be affected by such a law, since it will put a curb to the level of pollutants they can emit. This could in turn affect the production output of such industries and automobile sector because they need to pay higher, for buying allowances. This could very well result in an increase in the prices of consumer products. The American government is the one who is in favor of the Cap and Trade law, since it will be another way to get money from the general American public and the industrial sectors. (www.washingtonpost.com ) There have been many sectors in the American industry, which are against the Cap and Trade system and these are mainly the Oil refining sector and Trucking industry along with the utilities sector, which will mainly face the brunt of this law. (www.environmentalleader.com ) Â  

Bloodstream Infections Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Bloodstream Infections - Research Paper Example In USA, it has been reported that increased risk of developing blood stream infections (BSI) is associated with the increased use of central venous catheters (CVSs) in ICU patients especially when the skin catheter site is colonized by bacteria and fungi. This is a major risk factor for CVC infection. Other predisposing factors to infection includes; exposure to mechanical ventilations (Jerome, 2000). Patients receiving TPN are also at risk as they are associated with growth of other microorganisms such as Candida spp and coagulase negative Staphylococcus. ... an be compromised, there is more exposure to different infectious agents, the hospital is forced to put more stuff for surveillance, prevention and control and this means extra cost. The nurses will also have a lot of work loads if there is under stuffing and more injuries such as needle stick (Stone, 2004). Nursing interventions that impact percentages of blood stream infection. Line management It may consist of daily inspection of catheters insertion sites, taking care of the site by changing the dressing if wet or soiled, time to time documentation of ongoing catheter, ensuring of proper application of CHG impregnated sponge on the insertion site, hand hygiene, using chlordexine during dressing of the site, appropriate flushing procedures, tubing replacement and increasing time allocated for CVC management. Other intervention that impact on the percentages of blood stream infections includes, educating of the stuff so as to make the nurses aware of evidence based infection control guidelines for inserting and also for maintaining of CVCs. This will help in prevention of nosocomial infections and empower them to stop catheter insertion if guidelines have not been followed. Putting in place a checklist will be important in ensuring that the nurses adhere to evidence based guidelines of preventing infections. Creation of a catheter insertion carts will be critical in ensuring that nurses obtain all the materials needed to follow the CDC guidelines for sterile CVV insertions (Guerin, 2010). Aseptic techniques. Aseptic techniques should be used during insertion and caring of intravascular catheters. Clean gloves are recommended for peripheral catheters while sterile gloves are good for arterial and central catheters. Aseptic techniques includes the use of mask, sterile

Vascular Reactivity in Hypertension

Vascular Reactivity in Hypertension Vascular Reactivity in Hypertension Introduction High blood pressure (hypertension) is one of the most important preventable causes of morbidity and premature death in the world. The major risk factor for ischemic and myocardial infarction, heart failure, chronic renal failure, premature death, cognitive decline and hemorrhagic stroke is hypertention. Untreated hypertension is usually associated with a progressive increase of blood pressure. Vascular and kidney it can cause lead to a was resistant to treatment Blood pressure is normally distributed in the population and not cut from the natural point above which hypertension is certainly and below which it is not. The associated risk with the increase in blood pressure is continuously, with each increase of 2 mmHg in systolic blood pressure associated with an increased risk of 7% of deaths from ischemic heart disease and 10% increased risk of stroke mortality. Hypertension is very common in the UK and prevalence is strongly influenced by age. In any individual, systolic and / or diastolic pressure can be high. Diastolic pressure increases more frequently in younger people 50. With age, systolic hypertension is becoming a bigger problem because of progressive stiffening and loss of performance of large arteries. At least a quarter of adults (And more than half of those over 60) have high blood pressure. Hypertension’s clinical management is one of the most common interventions in primary education care, representing about 1 million pounds in just 2006 drug costs. The guideline will accept that prescribers will use a summary of the drug product characteristics to inform decisions with individual patients. This guide recommends drugs for indications where lack of marketing in the world approval on the date of publication, if there is good evidence to support this use. Where recommendations were made for the use of drugs outside their approved indications (off label use ), these drugs are marked with a note in the recommendations. What is hypertension? Before understanding on hypertension, we must have a clear idea on blood pressure. It is the force exerted on artery walls when the heart pumps blood through the circulatory system. Rhythmic contractions of the left ventricle, results in cyclical changes in blood pressure. During ventricular systole, the heart pumps blood through the circulatory system, and the pressure in the arteries is at its highest level; this is called the systolic blood pressure. During diastole, the blood pressure in the system decreases and the diastolic blood pressure (1). Systolic and mean diastolic pressure during the cardiac cycle is the weighted average blood pressure over time; this is called the mean arterial pressure. The alternation of systolic and diastolic creates external and internal motions of the arterial walls, which are perceived as arterial pulsation. Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Blood pressure is regulated by: Central factors; the factors that affect the heart Cardiac output. Heart rate. Peripheral factors: the factors that affect the blood vessels Diameter of blood vessels- Blood pressure is inversely proportional to the diameter of blood vessels. When the diameter is reduced, the peripheral resistance of elevated blood pressure is increased. Blood vessels, especially arterioles are always in a state partially limited due to vasomotor tone. Blood volume Venous return Velocity of blood flow Elasticity of blood vessels Peripheral resistance- Important that keeps this is the diastolic arterial pressure factor. Diastolic pressure is directly proportional to the peripheral resistance Hypertension is high blood pressure. The force of the blood is blood pressure against the walls of arteries as it flows there through. Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the body tissues. A normal systolic blood pressure less than 140 mm Hg: normal diastolic blood pressure less than 90 mmHg Persistent increase in systemic blood pressure is known as hypertension. Clinically, when systolic blood pressure is above 150 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure rises above 90 mmHg, assuming the pressure.(1) Type of hypertension Hypertension has two major types. Primary hypertension Secondary hypertension, Primary hypertension Primary (essential) hypertension is the most common form of hypertension, which represents 90 to 95% of all cases of hypertension. In almost all contemporary societies, the increase in blood pressure with age and the risk of becoming hypertensive adults is appreciable. Hypertension results from a complex interaction of genes and environmental factors. Many common with little effect on genetic variations in blood pressure have been identified as well as some rare genetic variants with large effects on blood pressure but the genetic basis of hypertension is still poorly understood. Several environmental factors influence blood pressure. The lifestyle that lower blood pressure include reducing salt intake in the diet, increased consumption of fruit and low-fat (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH)) exercise weight loss and reduced alcohol consumption. Stress seems to play a minor role with specific relaxation techniques not supported by the witness. The possible role of other factors such as caffeine, and vitamin D deficiency is less clear. Insulin resistance, which is common in obesity and is a component of Syndrome X (or Metabolic Syndrome), it is also believed to contribute to hypertension. Recent studies have also implicated in early life events (eg, low birth weight, maternal smoking and lack of breastfeeding) as risk factors for essential hypertension adults although the mechanisms linking this adult hypertension remain obscure exhibitions. Essential hypertension Essential hypertension has a multifactorial etiology Genetic factors Blood pressure tends to run in families and children of hypertensive parents tend to have high blood pressure. Children and parents of the same age with normal blood pressure. Fetal factors Subsequent hypertension pressure associate with low birth weight Environmental factors Among the many environmental factors that have been proposed, the following seems to be the most important: Obesity Alcohol intake Sodium intake Stress Humoral mechanisms The renin-angiotensin system and the autonomic nervous system, and the natriuretic peptide system, kallikrein-kinin plays a role in the physiological regulation of short term Changes in blood pressure and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension. Insulin resistance An association between diabetes and hypertension has a long syndrome was recognized and described in hyperinsulinemia, glucose intolerance, reduced levels of HDL cholesterol hypertriglyceridemia and central obesity in association hypertension. Secondary hypertension Secondary hypertension is where the elevation of blood pressure is the result of a specific and potentially treatable cause. Secondary forms of hypertension are: Endocrine hypertension: This develops due to hyperactivity of endocrine glands as some Conns syndrome Cushings syndrome adrenal hyperplasia Neurogenic hypertension: Disorders of the nervous system that produce hypertension are Increased intracranial pressure Sectioning of nerve fibers from carotid sinus Renal hypertension: Renal diseases that cause hypertension are diabetic nephropathy chronic glomerulonephritis chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis Hypertension during pregnancy: The arterial blood pressure is increased by the low glomerular filtration rate and retention of sodium and water. Cardiovascular hypertension: This occurs due to cardiovascular disorders such as, Atherosclerosis : hardening of blood vessels coarctation of aorta : narrowing of aorta Drugs: There are many medications that cause or aggravate hypertension. NSAIDs, oralcontraceptives, steroids, carbenoxolone, liquorice, sympathomimetic and vasopressin. Experimental hypertension Hypertension can be produced in practical animals by various methods. Can be produced by, Clamping the renal artery Denervation of baroreceptors in carotid sinus and aortic arch Injections of corticosteroids Infusion of salts with aldosterone Manifestation of hypertension Left ventricular failure Renal failure Cerebral hemorrhage Retinal hemorrhage Treatments for hypertension Primary hypertension can be controlled but not cured. Secondary hypertension but is cured by treatment of hypertension in the cause of disease. Different types of antihypertensive drugs are given. Diuretics: Cause diuresis and reduce the volume of extracellular fluid and blood. So blood pressure is decreased Vasodilators: Cause vasodilation reducing the blood pressure. Inhibitors of angiotensin converting enzyme: Blood pressure is reduced due to formation of angiotensin is blocked. Beta blockers: Beta blockers block the sympathetic beta receptors. Thus, cardiac output is reduced. Inhibits vasoconstriction leading to drop in blood pressure. Calcium channel blockers: Calcium channel in the myocardium are blocked by these drugs reduce myocardial contractility. Cardiac output to the drop in blood pressure is reduced (3). What is the vascular reactivity? Vascular reactivity is essential in vascular function that allows the circulatory system to respond to physiological and pharmacological stimuli which require adjustment of blood flow and the vascular tone and diameter. Vascular reactivity occurs in two modes. Reactivity are vasoconstrictor and vasodilator reactivity. These forms may be exposed to levels both microvascular and macrovascular. Vascular reactivity in hypertension Vascular reactivity in humans has been studied in many different conditions with a variety of methods. The most effective methods use either intra-arterial or intravenous infusion after inhibition of sympathetic outflow and interpret the changes in flow and pressure in terms of work instead of vasoconstriction of resistance. Using these methods, the vascular reactivity to various substances, including norepinephrine and angiotensin II has been found to be increased in essential hypertension, but not in various types of renal hypertension. Some studies have shown that alpha-methyldopa, guanethidine and increased vascular reactivity, although lower blood pressure. Glucocorticoids increase reactivity in normotensive subjects, but not in patients with essential hypertension. Aldosterone and salt increased vascular reactivity, especially in hypertensive patients, but slightly in normotensive individuals (2). Vascular reactivity to different vasopressors has been extensively studied in different types of hypertension in experimental animals. The mechanisms underlying this hyper-responsiveness and its role in the development of hypertension are unclear. But, it has been suggested that high blood pressure may induce structural changes in the vessel wall adaptation, resulting in an increase of the wall: lumen ratio. This could responsible for the increase in vascular reactivity vasoconstrictors stimuli (4). Increased vascular reactivity in hypertension occurs in response to a variety of vasoconstrictor agents, epinephrine, norepinephrine, posterior pituitary extracts, tyramine and renin. Exposure to stress increases sympathetic outflow, and vasoconstriction induced stress can lead to vascular hypertrophy, which leads to progressive increases in peripheral resistance and blood pressure is repeated. People with a family history of hypertension and sympathetic vasoconstrictor obvious stressors increased laboratory tests such as cold and mental stress responses(5). Vascular reactivity to endothelin in hypertensive patients Endothelin is a potent vasoconstrictor substance as produced by the cardiovascular system. Therefore, a pathophysiological role of this peptide has been proposed under these conditions, such as hypertension, characterized by the increased vascular tone. The vasoconstrictor response to endothelin-1 is slightly higher in hypertensive patients than in normal subjects. There is an increase of the activity of the vascular endothelin in patients with essential hypertension, which may be the pathophysiological relevance to their increased vascular tone (6).à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã†â€™ Vascular reactivity to catecholamine in hypertensive patients In hereditary essential hypertension, vascular reactivity is increased to vasoactive substances which act on the vascular sympathetic neuronal receptor complex and. Since this increase in reactivity is present in early disease progression and even pre-essential hypertension and associated with certain abnormal metabolism of catecholamines, this is probably an etiological factor. Inherited hypertension is probably caused by an abnormal gene or genes produce an abnormal protein or proteins that directly or indirectly affect sympathetic neural and systemic vascular contractile receptor sites (7). Established in human hypertension, baroreceptor mechanisms remain active. But the blood pressure is maintained at a high level again in place of the normal blood pressure. This process is known as reset baroreceptor. The upward adjustment of these baroreceptors occurs not only in the primary or essential hypertension, high blood pressure, but also secondary to renal disease or other types. In most patients with established hypertension, catecholamine excretion is within normal limits so that if the neurological part kept the blood pressure is increased in pressure, is probably the result of an increased effect activity nerve rather than an increase in the activity itself. This could occur by an increase in the sensitivity of the blood vessels to the endogenous norepinephrine produced by the sympathetic nerve endings. The hypertensive patients have a significantly greater response to norepinephrine than normal subjects. There are a number of possible relationships between increased vascular reactivity and high blood pressure. An important preliminary to elucidating the significance of the altered vascular reactivity is to determine whether it represents a metabolic or a structural vascular abnormality, which causes high blood pressure, or whether it is one of the ways in which a rise in blood pressure, initiated by some other mechanism, becomes an established change (8). After administrating norepinephrine to the patients with essential hypertension, it has been proven that the initial constriction of vessels is greater in hypertensive individuals than in normotensive individual. Hypertensive patients had a significantly higher response to norepinephrine than normal subjects. There are a number of possible relationships between increased vascular reactivity and high blood pressure. An important preliminary to elucidate the importance of altered vascular reactivity is whether it represents a metabolic abnormality or structural vascular, causing high blood pressure, or is one of the means by which an increase in blood pressure he started by another mechanism, becomes a set rate . After the administration of norepinephrine in patients with essential hypertension, it has been shown that constriction of blood vessels is higher than initial hypertensive than in normotensive subjects(9) . Reference Paul A. Iaizzo. Hand book of cardiac anatomy, physiology, and devices. Totowa: Humana Press; 2005. p. 181-182 Kim E. Barrett, Susan M. Barman, Scott Boitano, Heddwen L. Brooks. Ganong’s review of medical physiology. 24th ed. New Delhi: McGraw-Hill; 2012. p. 590-592 Kumar Clark Clinical medicine 6E (857-864) A. E. Doyle, J. R. E. Fraser. Vascular reactivity in hypertension. Journal of the American heart association. 1961; vol 9: 755-761 Milton Mendlowitz. Vascular reactivity in essential and renal hypertension in man. American heart journal.1967; vol 73. Issue 1: 121-128 and Milton Mendlowitz. Vascular reactivity in systemic arterial hypertension. American heart journal.1973vol 85.issue 2: 252-259 B. K. Bhattacharya, N. K. Dadkar, A. N. Dohadwalla. Vascular reactivity of perfused vascular bed in spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats. Br. J. pharmac.1977;59:243-246 Carmine Cardillo, Crescence M. Kilcoyne, Myron Waclawiw, Richard O. Cannon, Julio A. Panza. Role of endothelin in the increased vascular tone of patients with essential hypertension. American heart association.1998.vol 65. James Conway. Vascular reactivity in experimental hypertension measured after hexmethonium. Journal of the American heart association.1958; 17:807-810

Anatomy of Criticism by Northrop Frye Essay -- Anatomy Criticism North

Anatomy of Criticism by Northrop Frye In Anatomy of Criticism, author Northrop Frye writes of the low mimetic tragic hero and the society in which this hero is a victim. He introduces the concept of pathos saying it â€Å"is the study of the isolated mind, the story of how someone recognizably like ourselves is broken by a conflict between the inner and outer world, between imaginative reality and the sort of reality that is established by a social consensus† (Frye 39). The hero of Hannah W. Foster’s novel, The Coquette undoubtedly suffers the fate of these afore mentioned opposing ideals. In her inability to confine her imagination to the acceptable definitions of early American female social behavior, Eliza Wharton falls victim to the ambiguity of her society’s sentiments of women’s roles. Because she attempts to claim the freedom her society superficially advocates, she is condemned as a coquette and suffers the consequences of exercising an independent mind. Yet, Eliza does not stand a lone in her position as a pathetic figure. Her lover, Major Sanford -- who is often considered the villain of the novel -- also is constrained by societal expectations and definitions of American men and their ambition. Though Sanford conveys an honest desire to make Eliza his wife, society encourages marriage as a connection in order to advance socially and to secure a fortune. Sanford, in contrast to Eliza, suffers as a result of adhering to social expectations of a male’s role. While Eliza suffers because she lives her life outside of her social categorization and Sanford falls because he attempts to maneuver and manipulate the system in which he lives, both are victims of an imperfect, developing, American society. Though Eliza’s ... ... comic hero. This flaw seems to be a result of the greater defect of the society in which he functions. Certainly not an innocent and having his own characterization of the same fatal flaw as Eliza – a decisive determination for independence -- Sanford shares in the traditional tragic conclusion of isolation and loss. Despite an attractive interpretation that Eliza Wharton deserves her tragic fate because she is too scandalous of a seductress, her fall is actually a result of her desire for autonomy in a society that denies women that right. Also, to view Sanford as a heartless villain would be reductionary. He too, like Eliza, is subject to the judgements, constraints, and values of a flawed society in which he is separated from his true love. Both characters fall as a result of their desire for relational freedoms that early American society denies them.